The Articles of Confederation Score: /30D3JSV9IVlVQWV5OX1hSSV5KXFUSClpICw== There are two parts to this

Why Are Dogs So Friendly? Science Finally Has an Answer Our pet

Why Are Dogs So Friendly? Science Finally Has an Answer

Our pet canines have alterations in their genes that make them more sociable than wolves, a new study says.

3 MINUTE READ

BY CARRIE ARNOLD

________________________________________

PUBLISHED JULY 19, 2017

To Bridgett von Holdt’s 11-month-old English sheepdog Marla, the entire world is a friend she has yet to meet.

“She’s hypersocial. I even had her genotyped,” von Holdt admits, somewhat sheepishly (sorry).

Von Holdt’s interest is no casual curiosity. The Princeton evolutionary biologist and colleagues have spent the last three years studying the underlying genetic basis for social behavior in dogs and wolves.

Studies have shown that dogs are more sociable than wolves raised in similar circumstances, generally paying more attention to humans and following our directions and commands more effectively.

Von Holdt’s background in evolutionary genetics made her wonder about the potential genetic basis for these differences.

Their July 19 study in Science Advances provides an intriguing clue: Hypersocial dogs like Marla carry variants of two genes called GTF2I and GTF2IRD1. Deletion of those genes in people causes Williams syndrome, which is characterized by elfin facial features, cognitive difficulties, and a tendency to love everyone.

Von Holdt suspects that the gene variants in dogs inhibit their normal function, leading to the same issues seen in humans with Williams syndrome.

“We may have bred a behavioral syndrome into a companion animal,” she says.

Since evolving from a shared ancestor with wolves at least ten thousand years ago, domestic dogs have helped us find food and protected us from becoming dinner ourselves, all while providing a friendly face and wagging tail.

Understanding how our best friends, from Chihuahua to mastiff, became what they are today is a “sexy question,” according to Karen Overall, a canine behavior expert at the University of Pennsylvania who wasn’t involved in the new study.

In 2010, in collaboration with Monique Udell, an animal behaviorist at Oregon State University, von Holdt searched the dog and wolf genomes and identified alterations in the WBSCR17 gene that occurred during dog domestication, results they published in Nature.

Their project lay dormant until 2014, when von Holdt and Udell secured funding to set up a new set of experiments with 18 dogs of various breeds—including dachshunds, Jack Russell terriers, and Bernese mountain dogs—and 10 wolves habituated to humans.

The scientists trained all of the animals to open a box that contained a piece of sausage. Then they asked the canines to open the box while in three separate situations: with a familiar human present; with an unfamiliar human; and alone, without a person at all.

In all three scenarios, the wolves outperformed the dogs by a large margin. That margin got even larger when the dogs had to open the box in the presence of people.

“It’s not that they couldn’t solve the puzzle, they were just too busy looking at the human to do it,” von Holdt says.

Dogs Still Evolving

For the new study, Von Holdt conducted additional genetic analysis of the part of the genome surrounding the altered WBSCR17 gene in a larger sample of dogs and wolves.

Besides confirming her initial findings that WBSCR17 varied in dogs and wolves, she found two nearby genes, GTF2I and GTF2IRD1, were also different.

The combination of the genetic and behavioral data told von Holdt that changes to this region of the genome helped turn wolves into human-loving dogs.

The University of Pennsylvania’s Overall cautions that the study size was small, which limits the strength of the findings. But she praised the strength of the genetic analysis.

We’re now selecting for dogs that are easy keepers, that can spend long periods of time in small apartments,” Overall notes.

“We’re actively changing dog behavior every single year.”

https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/07/dogs-breeds-pets-wolves-evolution/[supanova_question]

Bill Sanders, Fall 2020, CRIM 3010, Writing Assignment 3 Newcomb, Galaif, and

Bill Sanders, Fall 2020, CRIM 3010, Writing Assignment 3

Newcomb, Galaif, and Carmona (2001) examined the drug-crime nexus among a sample of adults in the community. The authors acknowledged the direct relationship between drug use and criminality, but noted the lack of clarity of how these two things were related among the general population. They also noted that little attention had been given to considerations such as social support and social conformity in relation to drugs and crime. The authors sought to expand the research literature by conducting a longitudinal study that would examine sex differences between drug use and crime, as well as stability and change shaped the relationship (if) between the two. Data were collected among a sample of 470 adults who had been participating in a study on drug use and development since adolescents. Participants completed questionnaires that were mailed to them. Participants were originally recruited into the longitudinal study when they were in middle school within Los Angeles County. Data presented were collected in 1992 when the participants were between the ages of 28 and 32. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.

The authors reported that in adulthood drug problems were linked with a lifestyle of criminality, including drug-related crimes, a disregard of societal norms, and an overall lack of social support for such problems. This paralleled previous findings. The author found support for impaired-functioning theory, which indicates that drug problems lead to both criminal behavior and drug-related crimes. Social support, such as a nurturing relationship, modifying this relationship to the extent that they reduced levels of criminality among those with drug use problems. The authors also found support for sociological drift theory, which argues that crime leads to drug-related problems. One implication was that those with drug problems as young adults had the same problems later in life. Moreover, men compared to women, reported a stronger relationship between crime and drug use. Limitations include small geographic area, sample attrition, and the use of self-report data. In conclusion, the authors recommend that future research examine the link between crime and drugs well into adulthood.[supanova_question]

ARTICLE SUMMARY 5 ARTICLE SUMMARY 1 Article Summary 2021 Aug 14th Over

Writing Assignment Help ARTICLE SUMMARY 5

ARTICLE SUMMARY 1

Article Summary

2021 Aug 14th

Over the past few years, the internet has been a significant propagator of sexual socialization in the United States. As young people get into the internet to look for commercially created sexual content, they also show off their sexuality by means of social media platforms. This they do to gain attention to themselves by releasing images and photographs that are flattering and sexually provocative (Manago et al., 2014). Studies have shown a relationship between Facebook and indices of objective body consciousness in young people. Objective body consciousness is a person being preoccupied with the appearance of their body in relation to that of others (Manago et al., 2014). According to Objectification Theory, a sociocultural environment that advocated for the female body being valued as an entertainment element made the women living in it constantly see themselves from an observer’s position. This made the women constantly engage themselves in monitoring their bodies to continually increase their value according to how society looked at them. However, objectified body consciousness has psychological repercussions, including body shame and anxiety, sexual dysfunction, and reduced awareness of internal bodily needs.

A study was undertaken to establish how objectified body consciousness related to the involvement in Facebook among of young people in the United States, including both genders in the study, and to push further previous research on this topic so that it also covers sexual health (Manago et al. 2014). Before the study began, it was speculated that both genders in the United States were vulnerable to adopting an objectified body consciousness after using social media. However, since the U.S. heterosexual cultural scripts gave the men active sexual roles and women gatekeeping sexual roles, it was speculated that the psychological health impact from the objectified body consciousness and social media would fall more on the women (Manago et al. 2014).

Social media sites, especially Facebook, stand out from major internet sites that propagate self-based assessment of personal appearance, Surveillance of the body, and internalization of what society deems to be the essentials of being attractive. Viewing photos of people of the same age on social media sites is one of the practices known to propagate objectified body consciousness. Most of the photos that circulate may seem to represent the ideal look for attractiveness. A downside to this is that many people tend to lose their esteem after viewing these photos as they feel like they look less attractive than the photos of peers they have seen on social media platforms. Apart from viewing peer photos, posting self-photographs is likely to parent objectification. As people do that, the comments that follow may either lower a person’s self-worth or increase the way they view themselves. This is because people prioritize their physical appearances, which normally invoke social attention and comments. Facebook is not the only site that propagates external self-perspective, but also Instagram and Twitter (Manago et al. 2014).

Objectification often carries with it repercussions, especially on mental and sexual health. One of these consequences is body shame. More so, the effect is higher on women than on men. The reason for this is that females are more scrutinized in their appearances compared to men. As a result, there are more women with objectified body consciousness and body shame than men. This has led to lower levels of sexual esteem among women.

From this current study, it was realized that as the young people continually and actively engaged themselves in Facebook as part of their social life, the likelihood of them engaging in body surveillance, fluctuating in terms of self–worth, and enjoying being considered sex objects increased. The more they got influenced by this objectification, the more they became vulnerable to body shame and hence lower sexual assertiveness (Manago et al., 2014). The study also realized that the objectified body consciousness and body shame that was commonly known to affect women mostly was also increasing in young men. The data from the study showed that body shame was fatal to sexual assertiveness, and it did not depend on which gender one was. Another finding was that those who felt like they lived up to societal standards of being attractive did not experience negative repercussions in their sexual health. These people were recorded to have high esteem and more sexual partners.

References

Manago, A. M., Ward, L. M., Lemm, K. M., Reed, L., & Seabrook, R. (2015). Facebook involvement, objectified body consciousness, body shame, and sexual assertiveness in college women and men. Sex roles, 72(1), 1-14. [supanova_question]

IMPLEMENTATIONMETHODOLOGYNEWS AND CURRENT EVENTS Wireless Network Provider Uses Lean Six Sigma to

IMPLEMENTATIONMETHODOLOGYNEWS AND CURRENT EVENTS

Wireless Network Provider Uses Lean Six Sigma to Improve Company Processes

SHARE ON:      

 ADMIN — MAY 18, 2021

A wireless network company has put Lean Six Sigma to use in its business, training a group of eight employees as Green Belts and achieving cost savings during the training period. They provide yet another example of how Lean and Six Sigma methodology helps businesses cut waste and find efficiencies, regardless of the industry.

The Pennsylvania-based company, Rajant Corporation, recently launched a Lean Six Sigma Green Belt training program for employees in the company’s office in Morehead, Ken. In a news release, company leaders said they launched the program to train employees on eliminating waste and optimizing efficiency “while maximizing the value to customers of its products with the lowest possible investment.”

The cost savings occurred during the Green Belt program as each of the eight participants chose to demonstrate the effectiveness of different Lean tools in identifying and correcting operational gaps in a variety of areas across the company’s operations.

They ended up saving the company $40,000. They also ended up with a better, clearer picture of their company’s operations and their role in it.

Lean Training for Wireless Company Employees

Rajant is a company that is very public about its commitment to fostering a culture of continuous process improvement as a way of meeting customer demands and staying competitive in the wireless market.

It specializes in private network infrastructure that supports mobile wireless communications. To do so, the company developed Kinetic Mesh technology. The company has clients in oil and energy, transportation and rail, utilities, telecom, public safety, and government.

Eight employees based in Rajant’s Morehead office received the Lean Six Sigma training. It involved conducting an operational assessment, five days in the classroom for Green Belt training, and three days for training in Kaizen.

The eight employees learned how to make data-driven decisions that involved statistical methods learned during Green Belt training. They focused on putting Lean tools to work to cut waste and meet customer demands, while focusing on creating measurable and quantifiable financial returns from their efforts.

Putting Lean Lessons Into Play

The training in Kaizen prepared the employees to become change managers in their area of operation.

The idea behind Kaizen is to foster a culture where people do not resist change and buy into the idea of continuous improvement. Kaizen is a cornerstone for the much-admired Toyota Production System. Focused Kaizen events, usually lasting three days, are used to identify the root causes of waste in a process and develop ways to eliminate them.

The Rajant employees did just that. Each put a Lean tool to work on a problem as a project to complete to earn a Green Belt. Added up, those savings reached $40,000.

They also offered comments in the news release about the value of Lean training. Austin Clark, a systems engineer, said the training “gave me an invaluable new set of tools and critical thinking methods to use in the way I approach my everyday tasks.”

He said he now can view problems from “multiple angles,” which ensures he finds solutions using the best possible tool. But the biggest change might be the benefits earned in the future.

“Now, continual improvement is applied to everything I do,” he said in the press release. “Work product outcomes are of higher quality and the timeline for completion improved. Six Sigma strengthened my leadership and ability to work as a team to solve a common goal.”

Travis Miller, another systems engineer who took the training, echoes Clark’s thoughts and added that he now thinks more like a leader because he better understands how each phase of the operation fits together to form a successful result.

Rajant Corporation Uses Green Belt Training to Save $40,000 (sixsigmadaily.com)[supanova_question]

Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics Article Citation and Permalink (APA

Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics

Article Citation and Permalink

(APA format)

Article 1

Point

Description

Broad Topic Area/Title

Problem Statement

(What is the problem research is addressing?)

Purpose Statement

(What is the purpose of the study?)

Research Questions

(What questions does the research seek to answer?)

Define Hypothesis

(Or state the correct hypothesis based upon variables used)

Identify Dependent and Independent Variables and Type of Data for the Variables

Population of Interest for Study

Sample

Sampling Method

Identify Data Collection

Identify how data were collected

Summarize Data Collection Approach

Discuss Data Analysis

Include what types of statistical tests were used for the variables.

Summarize Results of Study

Summary of Assumptions and Limitations

Identify the assumptions and limitations from the article.

Report other potential assumptions and limitations of your review not listed by the author.

Ethical Considerations

Evaluate the article and identify potential ethical considerations that may have occurred when sampling, collecting data, analyzing data, or publishing results. Summarize your findings below in 250-500 words. Provide rationale and support for your evaluation.

3

© 2019. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.[supanova_question]