Assignment 2 North Carolina State Laws, Chapter 50 B (Domestic Violence) (A)
Assignment 2
North Carolina State Laws, Chapter 50 B (Domestic Violence)
(A) Policy Identification
North Carolina categorizes domestic violence as a crime, as it is provided in chapter 50 B. However, domestic violence only occurs whenever persons who have a personal relationship are involved in a violent act to handle their issues. As is provided in chapter 50 B, domestic violence involves the intentional cause of injury on someone or the intention of causing bodily injury (Goodmark, 2018). Elsewhere, the chapter also categorizes domestic violence as placing one’s life of the complainant or member from the aggrieved in fear of serious physical harm or harassment to the point of inflicting substantial emotional distress. In most cases, domestic violence is majorly experienced with former or current spouses, people of the opposite gender living together or once lived together, or individuals who are related as siblings or parents. In other cases, there can be people who have a common birth or those who are current household members. Domestic violence happens to people who share or once shared a common form of relationship and have something to relate with the other (Wachter, Dalpe & Heffron, 2019). Domestic violence cases in the current day have increased at a huge rate, a factor that is worrying alarming. If this issue is not well addressed, there is fear that it might become a disaster because there are more than ten cases reported about domestic violence every day in the world. In the United States, domestic violence has widely spread as it is worldwide, affecting approximately ten million victims annually (Goodmark, 2018). Women are the most affected members when domestic violence takes place as one in every four women is a victim of domestic abuse.
Institutions Related to the Policy
Among the related institutions that are affected by domestic violence, issues are the funding institutions. Whenever domestic violence occurs, there are damages made and to restore them, they require finances too. For instance, those hugely affected by domestic abuse and who require medical attention have to incur much cost as they seek medical attention. Rehabilitation and therapeutic institutions are very costly, and since they help much in helping the involved persons get helped, services must be paid, and that means patients have to withdraw their savings to have the issue well facilitated. Also, where domestic violence involves fights between the persons, chances are that property is damaged and at some point, it will require to be replaced, affecting the overall finances. In such a case, unnecessary funds are used if property damage is made, yet the funds could have been used elsewhere and more profitably. When the cases are presented in the court of law, those found guilty are charge, and this affects their financial status, yet it was something that could be avoided. In that case, the funding institutions are hugely affected, yet all these are unnecessary effects that could have been handled better.
The other institution which is affected as a result of domestic violence are the legal accountability processions. For instance, when domestic violence cases happen in North Carolina, among other places, they are subjected to the legal institutions which help settle the issue. Crime does not solve any problem; instead, it worsens the situation, and for that reason, legal authorities intervene to help solve the challenges. Due to the high increase in domestic violence cases, legal authorities have been loaded with numerous cases to solve domestic abuse (Goodmark, 2018). The number of these cases as they are handled every day affects the many other legal accountability processes since they are many and cause many inconveniences in the long run. For instance, courts have always been handling cases to do with domestic violence, and as these cases increase, they affect other cases which are on bail since they keep on pilling up. Police, on the other side as part of the legal accountability institutions, are always on their toes to address such as they happen. It becomes a challenge everyday domestic violence cases are reported, and they require to be addressed. Legal accountability has to get always involved when such cases happen because if they were reluctant to address this issue, the cases would be worse than they are today. When legal institutions help resolve domestic violence cases, they help reduce the chances and possibility of more related cases.
Service linkages capture other institutions which provide their service in helping deal with this challenge. For instance, hospitals are the other institutions that are highly involved when domestic violence cases are reported. Victims of domestic abuse that are directly and hugely affected incur much cost as well aspen much time in the health facilities as they get their help (Wachter, Dalpe & Heffron, 2019). When domestic violence involves body injury, among other serious physical harms, victims seek helps from medical facilities. Medical facilities are hugely involved in various ways because the victim might not have had physical harm but might have had psychological damages. Hence, such people would be required to attend therapeutic facilities, which greatly help deal with the trauma caused to the victims. Domestic violence causes much damage because it is done by people who should be showing love and helping through challenges but not causing any damage. That is why those involved in any form of domestic abuse have challenges in handling any other form of a close relationship. Psychological damage pierces much deeper and domestic abuse is responsible for causing such kind of harm (Wachter, Dalpe & Heffron, 2019). When the victims visit some therapeutic facilities, they are taught about the various ways of addressing challenges other than using violence. The damage which is caused by domestic violence could be avoided if those who get involved would have better ways of resolving their issues. Survivors of domestic violence confront numerous obstacles, and they need much help from health facilities because lack of appropriate attention might trigger other health challenges.
(B)
(C)
Forces in the policy field that structure the public service intervention strive to have the issues addressed with great concern since issues are getting rampant every day. Laws are put in place to ensure that those involved in these cases get punished for their actions. For instance, North Carolina chapter 50 categorized domestic violence as a crime and set various rules to govern people’s relations among themselves. The formation of chapter 50 is one factor that shows that the state so the need and addressed it before it kept worsening. Through this, there are members who are restrained from domestic violence acts because they knew the law was on the watch of their actions. Thus, in one way, the intervention of the law helped deal with this challenge, given that it set a consequence of those who would get involved in such cases.
Page Break
References
Goodmark, L. (2018).?Decriminalizing domestic violence. University of California Press.
Wachter, K., Dalpe, J., & Heffron, L. C. (2019). Conceptualizations of domestic violence-related needs among women who resettled to the United States as Refugees. Social Work Research, 43(4), 207-219.[supanova_question]
REAL305: Income Property Analysis and Valuation ASSIGNMENT 2 INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING AND
REAL305: Income Property Analysis and Valuation
ASSIGNMENT 2
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????????, ??????????? ??? ????????? ????-????-???? ????? ???? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?? ???? ???????.
Question 1 [15]
A real estate investor obtains a 12-year fixed-rate loan with a 3.8% annual interest rate to finance a property acquisition. The loan amount is 65% of the value of the property, which based on an independent valuation is Z, and the bank agrees that the investor repays the loan in annual instalments.
Calculate the annual instalment for the loan; [3]
Create and present the amortization table for this loan demonstrating the amount of each instalment going for interest payments, principal payments and remaining balance of the loan after the payment of each instalment. Write and explain also clearly the formulas that you are using to calculate the numbers in each column in the table. (10)
Calculate how much interest the investor will pay in total by the end of the term of the loan; [2]
???? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? 12 ???? ?? ?????? ???????? 3.8% ??? ?? ????????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????. ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? 65% ??? ????? ??? ????????, ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ????? Z ??? ? ??????? ???????? ??? ? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????.
?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????; [3]
???????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????, ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????. ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????. [10]
?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????; [2]
Note: Z = 35,000 X your day of birth x your birth month, e.g. if your date of birth is 2/2/1992 then Z = 35,000 X 2 X 2 = 200,000. ????????: ?? ? = 35,000 ? ????? ???????? ??? ? ???? ???????? ???, ?.?. ?? ? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? 2/2/1992 ???? ?? ? = 35,000 ? 2 ? 2 =200,000.
Question 2 [15]
An adjustable-rate loan with monthly payments has the following terms:
– Loan amount: Z
– Term: 2 years
– Initial rate: 3.5% fixed for 1 year and then will be adjusted according to market rates for the next 12 months
– Interest rate ‘lifetime cap’ = 4.5%
– Index: Market interest rate rises by 1.2% at the end of the first year
a) Create and present the amortization table for this loan demonstrating the amount of each instalment and the interest payments, principal payments and remaining balance of the loan after the payment of each instalment. Write and explain clearly the formulas that you are using to calculate the numbers presented in each column in the table. (10)
b) If the loan were a fixed-rate loan with a 4.7% interest rate, how much more or less interest would the investor pay in total compared to the adjustable rate loan? Answer this question without doing the full amortization table of the fixed rate loan. Show and explain clearly the formulas that you are using to calculate your answer. [3]
??? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????:
– ???? ???????: Z
– ????????: 2 ???
– ?????? ????????: 3.5% ??????? ??? 1 ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? 12 ?????
– ?????????? ‘lifetime cap’ = 4.5%
– ???????: ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? 1.2% ??? ????? ??? 1?? ?????
???????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????, ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????. ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????. [10]
?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????; [2]
?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? 4.7%, ???? ??????????? ? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????????; ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???. [3]
Note: Z = 35,000 X your day of birth x your birth month, e.g. if your date of birth is 2/2/1992 then Z = 35,000 X 2 X 2 = 200,000. ????????: ?? ? = 35,000 ? ????? ???????? ??? ? ???? ???????? ???, ?.?. ?? ? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? 2/2/1992 ???? ?? ? = 35,000 ? 2 ? 2 =200,000.
Question 3 [15]
An investor can get a loan of 65% of the value of the property which is equal to Z at an 5.4% interest rate, duration 25 years and monthly payments. Alternatively, he could receive an 75% loan with an interest rate of 6.0%, duration 30 years and monthly payments. The investor plans to keep the property indefinitely. At the same time, he/she is considering the purchase of another investment property with an expected total annual return of 25%.
What is the marginal cost of borrowing the additional funds that can be obtained with the second loan? Which of the two loans would you advise him to take and why? (6)
How will the marginal cost of borrowing the additional funds change if the origination fee for each loan is 2.5% of the loan amount? Which of the two loans would you advise him to pursue, taking into account these fees, and why? (4)
What is the marginal cost of borrowing the additional funds if the investor intends to keep the property in his possession for only four years and the charge for prepayment of the loan is 3% of the remaining balance for both loans? Which of the two loans would you advise him to take this case and why? (5)
???? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? 65% ??? ????? ? ??? ????????, ?? ???????? 5.4%, ????????? 25 ?????? ??? ???????? ????????. ???????????, ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? 75% ?? ???????? 30 ?????? ???????? 6.0% ??? ???????? ????????. ? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????. ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? 10%.
???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????; ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? (6)
??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????, ?? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? 2.5% ?? ????? ??? ???????; ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? (4)
???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ??? ??? ???-??????? ??? ??????? ????? 3% ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? (5)
Note: Z = 35,000 X your day of birth x your birth month, e.g. if your date of birth is 2/2/1992 then Z = 35,000 X 2 X 2 = 200,000. ????????: ?? ? = 35,000 ? ????? ???????? ??? ? ???? ???????? ???, ?.?. ?? ? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? 2/2/1992 ???? ?? ? = 35,000 ? 2 ? 2 =200,000.
Question 4 [15]
An investor has only 20% of the capital needed to buy a property valued at Z. His/her funding options are:
1. Loan for 80% of the value of the property with duration 30 years and interest rate 7.0%, or
2. Loan for 70% of the value of the property at a rate of 6.5% and duration 25 years and a second mortgage for 10% of the value of the property at an interest rate of 11% and duration 20 years
All loans require monthly payments.
What is the effective interest rate paid by the investor for the combined loans in the second funding option? Which alternative should the investor choose and why, if his strategy is to keep the property indefinitely? (6)
Which alternative should the investor choose and why, if he plans to sell the property in four years? (4)
What is the answer to (a) if the second mortgage has a duration of 25 years?
???? ????????? ???? ???? ?? 20% ??? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?. ?? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ???? ?????:
?????? ??? ?? 80% ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? 30 ?????? ??? ???????? 7.0%, ?
?????? ??? 70% ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? 6.5% ??? ???????? 25 ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? 10% ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? 11% ??? ???????? 20 ??????
??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????.
???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ? ???????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ????????? ??? ?????, ?? ? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ???????; (6)
???? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ????????? ??? ?????, ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????; (4)
???? ????? ? ???????? ??? (?) ??? ? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? 25 ??????;(5)
Note: Z = 35,000 X your day of birth x your birth month, e.g. if your date of birth is 2/2/1992 then Z = 35,000 X 2 X 2 = 200,000. ????????: ?? ? = 35,000 ? ????? ???????? ??? ? ???? ???????? ???, ?.?. ?? ? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? 2/2/1992 ???? ?? ? = 35,000 ? 2 ? 2 =200,000.
Question 5 [20]
Two mortgage-backed bonds have been issued with the following features. The first bond has a term of 20 years, a face value of Z, and a 5.3% annual coupon rate, while the second has a term of 15 years, a face value of 1.6 X Z and a 6% annual coupon rate. Investors in the bond market demand an interest rate of 5.7%.
What is the price at which each bond will be sold? How these prices compare to the face value of each bond and if there are any differences please explain the reasons for such differences. (6)
What would be the value of each bond after seven years if the required return by the investors decreases to 5%? (4)
Discuss four characteristics of mortgage pools that affect the risk of Mortgage Pass Through Securities that have ownership rights to these mortgage pools, explaining clearly how each of these characteristics may decrease the risk of a portfolio of mortgage loans. (10)
??? mortgage-backed bonds ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??????????????. ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? 20 ????, ???? ?????????? ???? ? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? 5.3% ?????? ???????????, ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? 15 ????, ???? ?????????? ???? 1.6 ? ? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? 6% ?????? ???????????. ?? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? 5.7%.
???? ????? ? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????; ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????????. (6)
???? ?? ????? ? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? 5%;(4)
?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? mortgage pools ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? Mortgage Pass Through Securities ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? mortgage pools, ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ???????. (10)
Note: Z = 35,000 X your day of birth x your birth month, e.g. if your date of birth is 2/2/1992 then Z = 35,000 X 2 X 2 = 200,000. ????????: ?? ? = 35,000 ? ????? ???????? ??? ? ???? ???????? ???, ?.?. ?? ? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? 2/2/1992 ???? ?? ? = 35,000 ? 2 ? 2 =200,000.
4[supanova_question]
Student Name: G#: Capstone Team: Sponsor Organization: Ze M M and Restaurant,
Writing Assignment Help Student Name:
G#:
Capstone Team:
Sponsor Organization:
Ze M M and Restaurant, Alexandria, VA
Project Point-of-Contact (POC):
Human Resource Department
POC Telephone:
703-212-5678
POC Email:
Proposed Project Name:
Order tracking system
What are 2 – 4 specific business challenges the client faces (be specific)?
Business Challenge 1: Failure to deliver some orders to clients
Business Challenge 2: Failure to deliver in timely manner
Business Challenge 3: Clients are complaining of missed orders.
Business Challenge 4: Ineffective delivery system
What are the effects of these challenges on the organization and/or the customers?
Effects of These Challenges on The Organization And/or The Customers
The challenges highlighted above have dire consequences to the organization. For example, complaints from clients means that they may decide to change their point of purchasing food stuffs for convenience. On the side of the client, the challenges above may inconvenience customers in many aspects considering that missed orders are annoying. Therefore, the proposed project, order tracking system, can be leveraged to ensure that all orders from clients are acknowledged and processed in good time. This move will encourage more clients to associate with the restaurant, hence, improving its competitive advantage.[supanova_question]
Research skills Topic overview The healthcare problem analyzed in this paper is
Research skills
Topic overview
The healthcare problem analyzed in this paper is healthcare disparity, specifically the inequities in access to quality care due to the poor distribution of the experts and facilities that the public can use to access digital healthcare. The poor distribution of services is also caused by the lack of even distribution of healthcare facilities and personnel. Economic factors are also another cause of disparities in the access to digital healthcare through telemedicine. Some people do not have the equipment and network connectivity to use the service. My interest in the topic is informed by the realization that technologies such as telemedicine are supposed to help make healthcare accessible to unreachable populations. Still, it introduces unevenness for some groups. In my experience, I have found the reality of this disparity during my internship in a region with many patients who could not access telemedicine because of a lack of technological capacity and support required to communicate important health information when they are at home.
Annotated Bibliography
Kao, C. K., & Liebovitz, D. M. (2017). Consumer mobile health apps: current state, barriers, and future directions. PM&R, 9(5), S106-S115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.02.018
This article discusses the trends and direction of computer-facing applications in terms of their barriers and importance. The choice of the article was informed by the fact that it provides insight into major areas of limited access to healthcare, both in terms of telemedicine challenges and the availability of information online. The article is peer-reviewed, which validates the credibility of the information that can be obtained from it in my research. Having been published in 2017, it is recent enough to contain valid and updated information about the challenges that patients face in seeking online healthcare services. The article’s authors use evidence from other journal articles, records from national and international health organizations, and government databases to assess the available mobile health apps. They find that the available applications do not live to their potential of providing timely and low-cost access to high-quality and evidence-based information on health to users globally. This is due to barriers such as insufficient evidence-based literature, inadequate regulatory oversight, and security and privacy concerns. The article concludes that all stakeholders should cooperate so that the significant barriers can be overcome.
The article contributes to the topic by showing how privacy concerns, inadequate regulatory concerns, and the lack of enough evidence-based literature about healthcare apps play a role in limiting access to healthcare. The article notes that the main limitation of the use of mhealth apps in promoting healthcare is the lack of a suitable regulation by professional societies, third-party companies, and governmental agencies to ensure their performance, quality, and accuracy. The article also cites data showing that of the 600 most used apps, only 30.5 % (183) have implemented privacy policies. Mhealth apps developers also fail to offer privacy policies at a time when a 2015 Bitglass Healthcare Breach report showed that over 111 million people had their data breached, including medical records. Cases of data breaches discourage people from using the mhealth apps since most people value being in control of their personal data. As a result, their access to mobile healthcare services is limited. The article also shows that there are currently only a handful of studies supporting mhealth apps’ efficacy, limiting their use in healthcare.
Lyerly, M. J., Wu, T. C., Mullen, M. T., Albright, K. C., Wolff, C., Boehme, A. K., … & Carr, B. G. (2016). The effects of telemedicine on racial and ethnic disparities in access to acute stroke care. Journal of telemedicine and telecare, 22(2), 114-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633×15589534
The purpose of this article is to explore the effect of telemedicine on the racial and ethnic minorities in Texas in their attempt to access acute care services. The authors obtain data from the US Census Bureau, the American Hospital Association, and the Joint Commission in the study. To determine the access to acute stroke care by ethnic and racial minorities, they sum the population with a primary stroke center that could be reached using telemedicine in specified intervals of time by utilizing validated models. They found that the technology extended stroke care access to a total of 1.5 million residents. They found that although there was no evidence of racial and ethnic disparities in the provision of stroke care, there existed many disparities in stroke care using telemedicine in other areas, such as financial background and geographical location. They propose that the efforts against the disparity in access to stroke care should be directed towards economic and regional differences to help marginalized populations. The article was chosen for analysis because it addresses relevant issues of digital disparity by guiding the path to be taken when overcoming disparity. The report is still recent enough because five years have not passed since its publishing. It is published in a credible journal and is peer-reviewed.
This article informs my research topic on limited access to healthcare by showing the impact of telemedicine, especially for racial minorities groups who already experience healthcare disparities. The article findings reassure that telemedicine implementation does not further contribute to the discrepancy for these groups but could be used to bridge the gap. The article notes that despite this information, only a few healthcare settings make use of the technology, recommending policy initiatives foster the incorporation of telemedicine to improve healthcare access to minorities.
Roberts, E. T., & Mehrotra, A. (2020). Assessment of disparities in digital access among Medicare beneficiaries and implications for telemedicine. JAMA internal medicine, 180(10), 1386-1389. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2768771
In this article, the authors examine the disparities in access to digital health facilities that increased because of the COVId-19 pandemic. They assessed the quality of care that people were given at home in the wake of the pandemic. The article was peer-reviewed, and the author is an experienced researcher in healthcare issues, which assures its credibility to be used in this research. It was published only one year ago, and therefore, it includes current realities in telemedicine. The article provides information relevant to my research topic because it provides evidence that access to healthcare through modern technologies is greatly limited by using different forms of technology in diverse populations. The authors of the article found that various types of populations in the country received different quality of digital access to healthcare because some patients received video visits by practitioners while others could only access audio-only visits. Those who received audio-only visits received considerably lower services than those who obtained care across video access. The authors conclude that the use of audio-only digital access to healthcare greatly reduces the quality of digital health services.
This article adds to my topic by showing the extent to which a lack of technological capacity limits access to healthcare for some groups. The study results indicated that the homes of 26.3% of Medicare beneficiaries do not have digital access, which means that they cannot use telemedicine services with their care providers. This identified proportion of beneficiaries included individuals who are in communities of color, are 85 years or more, and fall within the low socioeconomic status.
Wozniak, A. M., Rallis, K. S., & Elkaddoum, R. (2021). Telemedicine health disparities in oncology care. Future medicine. https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2021-0022
This article examines telemedicine’s role in ensuring equitable access to healthcare between people from different backgrounds and locations in oncology services. The authors argue that although telemedicine has significantly reduced the healthcare access disparities between urban and rural populations, it has left low-income countries very far behind in tackling various death-causing diseases such as cancer. The article exemplifies that the number of cancer deaths in low-income countries has been increasing exponentially during the COVID-19 pandemic at a much higher rate than the number of cancer deaths in developed countries because of the lack of access to telemedicine services. The choice of the article for research was informed by the fact that it exposes the inequities and disparities in the use of telemedicine because of economic differences, thus contributing to my topic of health disparities. The article is very recent and is also peer-reviewed, making it valid for making informed conclusions. The authors conclude that though there are promising benefits in healthcare provision, the world must consider methods that can help make technology affordable for all.
This article contributes to my topic on limited healthcare access by demonstrating how unaffordability and unavailability of technological requirements lead to telemedicine disparities, particularly for oncology care. The article notes that only 75% of adults in the USA have access to a broadband connection at their homes. The figures reduce more among people with lower educational achievement and income. Internet-enabled devices are required for telemedicine services. Unavailability of the technology, therefore, largely limits access to oncology care.
Summary
The information obtained from the various sources in the bibliography shows multiple types of disparities that are evident in the use of telemedicine and other technologies. The sources indicate that the origins of disparity include the use of different telemedicine methods in different populations, economic differences between patients, regions, or countries, lack of enough useful health literature online, security and privacy concerns, and the lack of enough regulation. Some of the main points learned include:
The ability of telemedicine to provide equitable care is limited by barriers such as security concerns, economic differences, and the failure to update online apps with relevant literature.
The use of audio-only telemedicine services decreases the quality of services offered compared to the use of video visits.
Low-income countries experience challenges in using telemedicine and other digital technologies in healthcare, and thus national and international solutions are required to help such countries.
The sources that I chose for analysis contribute significantly to the available knowledge on the effectiveness of telemedicine and other modern healthcare technologies. They expose several gaps in the use of telemedicine, which need to be addressed by various bodies. They challenge me to develop more effective solutions for the gap in my future research and practice throughout my education and career.
References
Kao, C. K., & Liebovitz, D. M. (2017). Consumer mobile health apps: current state, barriers, and future directions. PM&R, 9(5), S106-S115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.02.018
Lyerly, M. J., Wu, T. C., Mullen, M. T., Albright, K. C., Wolff, C., Boehme, A. K., … & Carr, B. G. (2016). The effects of telemedicine on racial and ethnic disparities in access to acute stroke care. Journal of telemedicine and telecare, 22(2), 114-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633×15589534
Roberts, E. T., & Mehrotra, A. (2020). Assessment of disparities in digital access among Medicare beneficiaries and implications for telemedicine. JAMA internal medicine, 180(10), 1386-1389. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2768771
Wozniak, A. M., Rallis, K. S., & Elkaddoum, R. (2021). Telemedicine health disparities in oncology care. Future medicine. https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2021-0022[supanova_question]
In a reflective essay of 3-5 pages, and using the Christiano text,
In a reflective essay of 3-5 pages, and using the Christiano text, Lesson 2 and online readings, your Meet the Believers (MTB) exercise to date, and any other credible and authoritative sources you might choose, please address the following questions in depth:
Why does religion exist for society as a whole, and what is its relevance to the modern world?
What are FIVE common theoretical approaches used in the scientific study of religion, as discussed in Christiano’s 3rd edition and/or Lesson 2? Please describe these in detail.
How do we know—or at least try to know—that what we have observed as religious scholars is true? How can the research methods we use help us accomplish our goal of knowing? Please name/describe THREE specific methods in detail.
need to use those as work cite:
Christiano, Kevin J., with William H. Swatos Jr. and Peter Kivisto. Sociology of Religion: Contemporary Developments / Edition 3. 2015. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN-13: 9781442216921.
Putnam, Robert, and David Campbell. American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010. ISBN-13: 978-1416566731
Johnstone, Ronald. Religion in Society: A Sociology of Religion (8th Edition). Pearson, Prentice Hall, 2007. ISBN-13: 978-0131884076.[supanova_question]