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Tardigrada Hewan Mikro yang Tangguh Terhadap Radiasi dan Eksplorasi Luar Angkasa

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Ilustrasi – Tardigrada, hewan mikroskopis yang terkenal karena kemampuannya bertahan dalam kondisi ekstrem, termasuk paparan radiasi. (freepik)

TARDIGRADA, hewan mikroskopis yang tersebar luas dan mirip dengan beruang jeli dengan delapan kaki, dikenal karena kemampuannya untuk bertahan hidup dalam kondisi lingkungan yang paling keras selama beberapa dekade tanpa makanan dan air.

Hewan-hewan yang tangguh ini dapat dengan mudah bertahan terhadap tingkat radiasi yang mematikan bagi sebagian besar bentuk kehidupan lainnya, suhu ekstrem, dan bahkan bertahan hidup di ruang hampa. Beberapa ilmuwan berpendapat mengungkap gen yang bertanggung jawab atas ketahanan luar biasa mereka, terutama terhadap radiasi ultratinggi, bisa membuka berbagai potensi aplikasi mulai dari penelitian kanker hingga eksplorasi luar angkasa.

Kita mungkin lebih dekat dari sebelumnya untuk mengungkapnya. Ilmuwan Tiongkok kini telah mengidentifikasi spesies baru tardigrada yang memiliki ribuan gen yang menjadi lebih aktif saat terpapar radiasi. Temuan ini menunjukkan adanya sistem pertahanan kompleks yang melindungi DNA tardigrada dari kerusakan akibat radiasi dan dapat membuka jalan untuk merancang perlindungan yang lebih baik bagi astronaut dari tekanan misi luar angkasa jangka panjang, kata para peneliti.

Spesies baru ini, yang diberi nama Hypsibius henanensis sesuai dengan provinsi Henan di Tiongkok tempat spesimen ini dikumpulkan sekitar enam tahun lalu, telah diberi dosis radiasi yang jauh lebih tinggi daripada yang akan mematikan bagi manusia. Bomardirannya mempengaruhi 2.801 gen tardigrada yang terkait dengan perbaikan DNA, pembelahan sel, metabolisme hormon, dan respons imun, menurut sebuah makalah yang diterbitkan pada 25 Oktober di jurnal Science.

Salah satu gen yang menjadi sangat aktif, yang disebut DODA1, tampaknya melawan kerusakan radiasi dengan memungkinkan tardigrada untuk menghasilkan pigmen antioksidan yang dikenal sebagai betalain, yang dapat menghapus beberapa bahan kimia reaktif berbahaya di dalam sel yang disebabkan oleh radiasi. 

Ketika para peneliti mengobati sel manusia dengan betalain dari tardigrada, mereka menemukan sel-sel tersebut bertahan jauh lebih baik dalam menghadapi radiasi dibandingkan dengan sel yang tidak diobati, kata rekan penulis studi, Lingqiang Zhang, yang merupakan ahli biologi molekuler dan seluler di Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, kepada Nature News.

Tardigrada, yang biasa dikenal sebagai beruang air atau babi lumut, telah menjadi objek penelitian yang luas karena ketahanan luar biasa mereka. Pada 2007, mereka menjadi hewan pertama yang bertahan hidup setelah terpapar ruang angkasa setelah sebuah kapsul tanpa awak Rusia mengangkut 3.000 tardigrada hidup dalam misi Eropa ke orbit rendah Bumi dan membiarkan mereka terpapar ruang hampa selama 10 hari. 

Sebanyak 68% dari mereka bertahan hidup dan melahirkan keturunan yang normal. Hal yang sama terjadi dengan tardigrada yang diterbangkan ke luar angkasa pada tahun 2011 dalam penerbangan terakhir pesawat ulang-alik NASA, Endeavour.

Beberapa ribu tardigrada jatuh ke permukaan bulan setelah mengendarai pesawat luar angkasa Beresheet milik Israel, yang jatuh saat pendaratan. Meskipun kenyataan bahwa spesimen tersebut tergeletak diam di tanah bulan menimbulkan pertanyaan etis, para ahli mikrobiologi menilai peluang mereka untuk menjajah bulan adalah nol, mengingat tidak adanya oksigen dan air cair.

Perjalanan terbaru tardigrada ke luar angkasa pada 2021 ke Stasiun Luar Angkasa Internasional, di mana penelitian jangka panjang tentang gen mereka dan teknik bertahan hidup lainnya sedang berlangsung.

“Kami ingin melihat ‘trik’ apa yang mereka gunakan untuk bertahan hidup ketika mereka tiba di luar angkasa, dan, seiring waktu, trik apa yang digunakan oleh keturunan mereka,” kata Thomas Boothby, profesor asosiasi biologi molekuler di University of Wyoming, dalam sebuah pernyataan NASA sebelumnya. “Apakah mereka sama atau berubah seiring generasi? Kami tidak tahu apa yang diharapkan.”

Para ilmuwan tahu dari penelitian sebelumnya bahwa tardigrada bertahan melalui kondisi yang tidak menguntungkan dengan cara cepat menangguhkan metabolisme mereka, di mana mereka kehilangan sebagian besar air tubuhnya dan menyusut menjadi setengah ukuran normal mereka, suatu keadaan yang disebut kriptobiosis. Setelah kembali dari luar angkasa, mereka mendapatkan kembali kekuatan mereka dalam waktu hanya 30 menit setelah terhidrasi.

Makhluk kecil ini juga kemungkinan mampu menghasilkan banyak antioksidan — seperti reservoir betalain yang baru ditemukan — untuk melawan perubahan berbahaya yang disebabkan oleh radiasi dalam tubuh mereka, kata para ilmuwan.

“Kami telah melihat mereka melakukan ini sebagai respons terhadap radiasi di Bumi,” kata Boothby. “Kami pikir cara tardigrada berkembang untuk bertahan hidup di lingkungan ekstrem di planet ini mungkin juga melindungi mereka dari tekanan penerbangan luar angkasa.” (Space/Z-3)

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