ALL CAPS SHORT TITLE 50 CHARACTERS OR LESS 3 Running head: ALL

ALL CAPS SHORT TITLE 50 CHARACTERS OR LESS 3

Running head: ALL CAPS SHORT TITLE 50 CHARACTERS OR LESS 1

APA Style Sixth Edition Template: This Is Just an Example Title That Has a Colon In It

Paul Rose

Southern Illinois University Edwardsville

Author Note

A brief author note (which should be omitted in Paul Rose’s courses) goes here. This note may include acknowledgment of funding sources, expressions of gratitude to research assistants, and contact information for the author who will handle requests. I have a few notes of my own to share. First, thanks to everyone who has suggested improvements; I’m sorry I can’t acknowledge you all here. If anyone else badly needs to email me, try searching with “paul rose siue”. Second, you are hereby granted permission to use (and adapt) this document for learning and research purposes. You may not sell this document either by itself or in combination with other products or services. Third, if you use this document, you use it at your own risk. The document’s accuracy and safety have been thoroughly evaluated, but they are not guaranteed. Fourth, if you find this document helpful, I would be grateful if you would click on this URL: http://goo.gl/DGHoZ. It directs to a harmless Department of Psychology web page at SIUE, and records click-through data that give me an idea of how many people have found this document helpful.

Abstract

An abstract is a single paragraph, without indentation, that summarizes the key points of the manuscript in 150 to 250 words. For simpler papers in Paul Rose’s classes, a somewhat shorter abstract is fine. The purpose of the abstract is to provide the reader with a brief overview of the paper. When in doubt about a rule, check the sixth edition APA style manual rather than relying on this template. (Although I prefer only one space after a period, two spaces after a period are suggested by the sixth-edition APA manual at the top of page 88.) This document has a history that compels me to give credit where it’s due. Many years ago I downloaded a fifth-edition template from an unspecified author’s web site at Northcentral University. I modified the template extensively and repeatedly for my own purposes and in the early years I shared my highly-modified templates only with my own students. By now, I have edited this document so many times in so many ways that the current template bears virtually no similarity to the old Northcentral document. I want to be clear, however, that I am in debt to an unknown author who spared me the inconvenience of having to create my own templates from scratch.

Keywords: writing, template, sixth, edition, APA, format, style, self-discipline

Title of Paper Gets Repeated Here Exactly As It Appears On The First Page

This is where the body of your paper begins. Note that the title of your paper appears at the top of your introduction even though other sections begin with headings like “Method”, “Results” and so on. The rest of the text in this template provides hints about properly generating the parts of your APA-formatted paper. Notice that there is no extra spacing between the paragraphs or sections.

The major components of your paper (abstract, body, references, etc.) each begin on a new page. These components begin with centered headings at the top of the first page. (You can see how major components of text get divided in this freely available sample document: http://www.apastyle.org/manual/related/sample-experiment-paper-1.pdf ). Some papers have multiple studies in them so the body could have multiple sections and subsections within it.

Sections can have subsections with headings. For example, a Method section might have Participants, Materials, and Procedure subsections if there are enough details to explain to warrant such headings. The sixth edition of the APA manual, unlike earlier editions, tells you to bold some headings. Below are examples.

Heading Level 1

Heading Level 2

Heading level 3. (Note the indent and period, and note how the capitalization works. You will probably never go deeper than the third heading level.)

Heading level 4.

Heading level 5.

Citations and References

Check your assigned reading materials for rules about citations (which occur within the text of the paper) and references (which are listed in their own separate section at the end of the paper). Remember that you can find a lot of answers to formatting questions with a careful search. When you’re looking at information online, check the source, and consider whether the information might refer to an older edition of APA format. When in doubt, follow the latest edition of the APA manual.

About a References Section

An example of a References section is on the next page. Take note of the “hanging indent” style and double-spacing (with no extra spacing between references). The easiest way to create hanging indents is to type your references without worrying about indentation and when you are finished, select all the references at once and apply the hanging indents with your word processor.

Many APA format rules are not mentioned or demonstrated in this document. You should plan to spend a lot of time looking up formatting rules (http://www.apastyle.org/ is helpful). If APA formatting is driving you crazy and you want a distraction, how about alleviating people’s suffering with a simple click? Check out The Hunger Site (http://www.thehungersite.com/).

References

Ajournalarticle, R. H., Spud, P. T., & Psychologist, R. M. (2016). Title of journal article goes here. Journal of Research in Personality, 22, 236-252. doi:10.1016/0032-026X.56.6.895*

B’Onlinesourcesareconfusing, S. O. (2010). Search for answers at apastyle.org and include issue numbers after volume numbers when there is no DOI. Journal of Articles Without Digital Object Identifiers, 127 (3), 816-826.

Cmagazinearticle, B. E. (2009, July). Note the last names on this page: Each source type has to be formatted in a different way. [Special issue]. Prose Magazine, 126 (5), 96-134.

Dbookreference, S. M., Orman, T. P., & Carey, R. (1967). Google scholar’s “cite” feature is usually accurate and time-saving. New York, NY: Pearson.

O’encyclopedia, S. E. (1993). Words. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (vol. 38, pp. 745-758). Chicago, IL: Penguin.

Pchapter, P. R., & Inaneditedvolume, J. C. (2001). Scientific research papers provide evidence of frustration with giant style manuals. In P. Z. Wildlifeconservation, R. Dawkins, & J. H. Dennett (Eds.), Research papers are hard work but boy are they good for you (pp. 123-256). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.

Qosenberg, Morris. (1994, September 11). This is how you cite an online news article that has an author. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/dir/subdir/2014/05/11/a-d9-11e3_story.html

* On p. 189, the 6th ed. manual says “We recommend that when DOIs are available, you include them”—so you can skip the DOI if you can’t find it. Footnotes like this aren’t appropriate in a real references section.

Footnotes

1 Some professional journals ask authors to avoid using footnotes. In an undergraduate paper they are almost never necessary.

Table 1

Correlations Among and Descriptive Statistics For Key Study Variables

Variables

M (SD)

Sex

Age

Income

Educ.

Relig.

Dist. Intol.

Sex

1.53 (.50)

.07

-.09

.02

.14

.06

Age

31.88 (10.29)

.08

.19*

.20*

.01

Income

2.60 (1.57)

.04

-.14

-.09

Educ.

3.44 (1.06)

-.29*

-.06

Relig.

1.21 (.30)

-.19*

Dist. Intol.

3.75 (1.19)

Notes. N’s range from 107 to 109 due to occasional missing data. For sex, 0 = male, 1 = female. Educ. = education. Dist. Intol. = distress intolerance. Relig. = religiosity.

* p < .05.

Alcohol Consumption

Frugality

Amount that Gets Spent on Alcohol

Figure 1. This simple path model, adapted from results in a Journal of Consumer Behaviour paper, is an example of a figure. The figure appears on the last page (although in the rare case that you have an appendix, the appendix would follow the figure).[supanova_question]

Milestone 2 Milestone 3 Literature Review David Boardman CJ 790 11/07/2021 Possible

Milestone 2

Milestone 3

Literature Review

David Boardman

CJ 790

11/07/2021

Possible solutions

Addressing the problem of drug overdose/abuse issues within the city of Chicago can be tackled by undertaking various approaches. One of the proposed solutions to the problem is screening intending to identify vulnerable targets of drugs and undertake preventive measures. Notably, there is a group of individuals in society who are prone to drug abuse safe prescribing based on their social or economic status. One of the internal factors identified as the cause of the problem relates to the demographic characteristics of Chicago city. Therefore, the proposed solutions seek to identify the group and undertake education and other measures to reduce the likelihood of drug abuse/overdose.

The second proposed solution is safe prescribing. Excessive prescription of drugs by physicians such as opioids is one of the root causes of the problem in Chicago city. The physicians prescribing the drugs are often misled by information from the manufacturing company about the effects of opioids, thus fuelling the problem of drug abuse. Therefore, the proposed solution seeks to address the drug abuse/overdose problems from the inputs of prescriptions by physicians.

The third proposed solution is enhanced national and international cooperation to reduce drug trafficking. The availability of drugs in Chicago city is due to the trafficking that occurs through the Mexican border. The Mexican cartels find it easy to smuggle drugs to the U.S shipping through Chicago. Therefore, there is a need to ensure the shipments carrying drugs are nabbed while trying to sneak the drugs into the region.

Methodology

The search methodology is critical in enabling a person to efficiently and effectively find the information that answers the research question. The method applied in this research was to identify various sources of credible information relevant to the research. In particular, I used various databases such as Google Scholar and the university library to locate relevant articles to the research. The search involved the use of keywords such as “drug overdose/abuse control methods,” “criminology theories used in controlling drug trafficking,” and “controlling drug trafficking.”

The search was narrowed down to capture recently published articles based on updated data. The research reviewed encompasses research articles that focus on exploring issues concerning the target groups and methods of safe prescription that address the problem of overdose among individuals. The empirical articles also provided various theories involved in addressing the research question. The other categories of the article relate to government publication that focuses on the current problem concerning trafficking and additional elements that could boost the war against drug abuse/overdose menace.

Summary of the main findings

Screening and undertaking preventive measures to identified groups

The screening and undertaking of preventive measures is an approach that involves addressing broad factors that contribute to opioid-related substance use disorder (ORSUD). The approach targets the entire population, community, neighborhood, or school. According to Okon (2019), early intervention is a critical element that ensures target people are identified and appropriate approaches are taken to address the drug problem. Early intervention screening can target certain populations at risk of drug misuse or abuse in society. Early intervention is an approach that should be provided to both adults and adolescents showing the signs of substance misuse or abuse. Various evidence-based methods focusing on treating and preventing opiate misuse and addiction are more effective in the reduction of mortality, morbidity, and demand linked to addictive markets compared to undertaking aggressive and punitive measures such as interdiction, criminalization, and incarceration of people affected by drugs (Salmond & Allread, 2019). Social disorganization theory is one of the criminology theories that can explain the importance of focusing on incorporating non-punitive measures when handling the sensitive issue of drug abuse and misuse in society. The theory argues that crime is likely to thrive in communities with a breakdown of social and opportunities (Chang & Compton, 2017). The basis of the theory makes the law enforcement officers apply aggressive policing strategies as they presume crime to be high in volatile or crime-prone areas. However, the approach could be punitive in addressing drug abuse since people affected by the menace require medical intervention but not harsh policing strategies (Kubrin & Mioduszewski, 2019). Although screening should be done in areas perceived to have certain social and economic characteristics, it is important to emphasize the safety of drug addicts as they are not criminals but individuals who need medical assistance.

Effective intervention to the problem of drug abuse begins when the target populations are identified and subjected to a treatment program. The concept of primary prevention is based on confronting stigma relating to drug addiction and medications. Stigma hinders and limits individuals with the problem of misusing opioids from seeking effective services. One of the effective approaches to addressing the problem associated with drug addiction is educating the community that the problem is a medical illness but not a moral weakness. The easy access to medication-assisted treatment (MAT) services combined with counseling is an important resource available to the community (Afkhami & Fatollahi, 2020). Harm reduction programs are one of the preventive measures and treatments for people having addiction problems. Educating the community about the critical role of harm reduction is critically enabling them to develop resources required to increase the number of health users for both who are afraid to undertake treatment or those who are not ready. There is somewhat resistance to harm-reduction programs as such programs are seen as factors that increase drug use. The recruitment of people to participate should be based on high-risk subgroup characteristics. For instance, the target should focus on children of substance abuse parents and youths living in highly impoverished or high crime neighborhoods.

Safe Prescription

In response to the public health pandemic occasioned by the overuse of prescription drugs in the U.S, various policies have been established to address the problem. However, some of the policies prevent patients from accessing opioids. The difficulty of accessing opioids increases the demand for illegal narcotics such as manufactured fentanyl, heroin, and other hard drugs (Pardo, 2017). Therefore, there is a need to streamline physicians’ prescription of the drugs to ensure the menace of drug overdose and abuse is arrested. The increased overdose deaths in the U.S caused by opioids pain relievers (ORL) have prompted many states to adopt the Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PMP) (Salmond & Allread, 2019).

In reducing the supply of opioids vulnerable to misuse, abuse, and mitigation of risk of opioid use, safe prescribing is one of the measures that can address the problem. Education to the physicians and clinicians is a critical milestone in addressing drug abuse and misuse in the U.S. Alternative policies such as safe injection sites have been identified as effective in states like Philadelphia (Hulme, Bright, & Nielsen, 2018). The exposure to opioids should be limited and be warranted for minor surgical procedures where the non-opioid modalities can offer post-effective post-surgical analgesia. Patients with existing psychiatric comorbidities or whose families highly depend on opioids can gain from the opioid-sparing analgesic strategies. The clinician prescribing opioids should strictly adhere to the CDC guidelines when prescribing drugs of such nature (Pardo, 2017). The clinicians should consider offering an alternative to opioids when the patients requiring opioids visit their hospital facilities.

The Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) is another strategy that can be applied in ensuring safe prescribing of the drugs. The issue of the regulations limiting the availability of opioids in the market is a matter that has elicited mixed impacts in the U.S. The strength of PDMPs in regulating the prescription of the drugs had a negative association with deaths emanating from an overdose of opioids (Pardo, 2017). The individuals who use opioids are likely to look for alternatives if the drugs are lacking in the market. However, the regulations monitoring prescription drugs have somewhat positive impacts in reducing deaths emanating from an overdose of opioids. PDMPs are particularly important in detecting the diversion and abuse of pharmaceuticals controlled dangerous substances (CDSs). The focus of the program is at retail levels, where the prescribed medications are sold. As of June 2018, all states except Missouri had adopted the programs of monitoring the sales of CDSs (Salmond & Allread, 2019). Additionally, the states with more robust prescription drug monitoring programs tend to have fewer deaths from overdose of CDSs.

National and International Cooperation of government agencies to curb drug trafficking

The intervention on collaboration at national and international levels is based on several factors. According to Stippel & Serrano-Moreno (2020), over fifty agencies within the U.S involved in counternarcotic efforts. The coordination and administration of the different groups and departments is a difficult task. The U.S agencies handling drug trafficking face various problems such as interagency rivalries, competing priorities, inadequate staffing, and lack of operational coordination. Rosen (2020) argues that the harmonization of the drug-fighting agencies in the U.S is a critical milestone in managing the drug problem within the country’s border. The coordination issue can be observed in the continuing rise of cocaine movements to the U.S through Central America. The U.S has a long history of interdicting, seizing, and disrupting the shipments between U.S markets and South American source zones. The lack of effective control of drug shipments emanates from poor coordination fighting drug abuse.

Bilateral and multilateral cooperation is another measure that controls trafficking into the country. Notably, Mexico has been the hub of manufacturing and trafficking drugs into the U.S. Therefore; international cooperation is critical in handling the situation. However, the foreign intervention draws different opinions from various scholars. For instance, the “war on drugs” in Bolivian is a factor that weakened the country’s institutions. The weakening of the institutions led to the emergence of social movements that championed for growth of coca leaves in rural areas (Stippel & Serrano-Moreno, 2020). However, cooperation between the U.S and Mexico could be productive in managing the problem of drug trafficking. Recently, the two countries have collaborated in sharing intelligence, capacity building for dealing with drug cartels, and military support where necessary. The bilateral cooperation between the two countries in counternarcotics is one of the measures taken to fight against drug manufacturing and traffic into the U.S.

Conclusion

Drug overdose, abuse, and trafficking is public health matter that continues to cause health problems and deaths. The most notable issue associated with drugs is prescribed drugs that turn to be a serious problem in the future. After discussing various measures that can be taken to address drug abuse and trafficking in the city of Chicago, screening and primary prevention can be the most preferred in the whole affair. The various characteristics of Chicago warrant the use of this approach. For instance, the high number of Mexican immigrants and gangs that control operations target people who can be induced into primary prevention methods. The engagement of different community members in various areas such as schools can be critical as they can understand the importance of abstaining from drugs. When people understand the importance of accessing medical intervention for those affected and avoiding drugs for those who are not affected, it reduces the demand for drugs rather than punitive measures.

References

Afkhami, A. A., & Fatollahi, J. (2020). Coping With Addictive Opioid Markets. Global Mental Health Ethics, 193-205. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66296-7_12

Chang, Y.-P., & Compton, P. (2017). Opioid Misuse/Abuse and Quality Persistent Pain Management in Older Adults. 42(12). doi:https://doi.org/10.3928/00989134-20161110-06

Hulme, S., Bright, D., & Nielsen, S. (2018). The source and diversion of pharmaceutical drugs for non-medical use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 186, 242-256. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.02.010

Kubrin, C. E., & Mioduszewski, M. (2019). Social Disorganization Theory: Past, Present, and Future. Handbook on Crime and Deviance, 197-211. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20779-3_11

Magliocca, N. R., McSweeney, K., Sesnie, S., Tellman, E., Devine, J., Nielsen, E., . . . Wrathall, D. (2019). Modeling cocaine traffickers and counterdrug interdiction forces as a complex adaptive system. 116(16), 7784-7792. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812459116

Okon, I. (2019). U.S. Opioid Epidemic: Challenges and Opportunities for Evidence-based Policies. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/iph_capstone/113/

Pardo, B. (2017). Do more robust prescription drug monitoring programs reduce prescription opioid overdose? Addiction , 112(10), 1773-1783. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13741

Rosen, J. D. (2020). Addiction, Fentanyl, and the Border. The U.S. War on Drugs at Home and Abroad, 75-95. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-71734-6_4

Salmond, S., & Allread, V. (2019). A Population Health Approach to America’s Opioid Epidemic. 38(2), 95–108. doi:10.1097/NOR.0000000000000521

Stippel, J. A., & Serrano-Moreno, J. (2020). The coca diplomacy as the end of the war on drugs. The impact of international cooperation on the crime policy of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Crime, Law and Social Change, 74, 361–380. doi:10.1007/s10611-020-09891-5[supanova_question]